Vol. 12 No. 1 (2021)

Although we are still facing a moment of difficulty, both from the political and the ethical, economic and social perspective, it is with great pleasure and satisfaction that Inquietude launches its latest volume. In this new edition, we focus on investigations related to the area of logic, but in it the reader will also find texts related to other areas, such as politics itself.

This volume opens with the article entitled The ontological-epistemic status of the Cartesian eternal truths where Rafael dos Santos Ongaratto intends to investigate Descartes' thesis on the divine creation of eternal truths and how such creation can determine the metaphysical and epistemic nature of such truths. In addition, the author seeks to survey the possible problems related to this idea and also propose an epistemic interpretation through the notion of "contingent truth a priori", a notion that was later developed by Saul Kripke for modal logic.

In Between "difference" and "inequality": The transversality of the equality Rousseau's concept, João Pedro Andrade de Campos wants to distinguish, as the title says, the notions of difference and inequality in Rousseau’s thought. This distinction is important to demonstrate the contrasts in the concepts of nature state and civil society. Moreover, in making such a distinction, the author is guided by the idea of equality. Finally, it is noted that through the approximation of men comes the comparison and that, through the differences found in such comparisons, inequalities also arise, and that the contract - carried out through the voice of the general will - tries to mitigate these inequalities.

In The moment of subsumption as a fatality. The Grundrisse (1857-58) by Karl Marx in perspective, Victor César Fernandes Rodrigues attempts to elucidate the category of subsumption using the Grundrisse, addressing the theme of the work and its critique. Through such an analysis, Rodrigues finds that valuing subsumption as a theoretical-ontological category is of paramount importance, because it ensures that the individual, that is, the human subject, is not reduced to mere worker. With this, the author analyzes that, in capitalism, the non-working individual is a non-being in the system of being, ie capital. Thus, Marx’s criticism is not about work itself, but about work as assumed in capitalism, where subjects are reduced to mere producers of commodities.

Regarding The concept of "real number" in Frege, Caio Bismarck Silva Xavier seeks to define and address the real numbers in Frege’s thought, more precisely in Part III of Volume II of his work entitled Basic laws of arithmetic, where the German philosopher presents both his criticism of the definition of real number in force at his time and his own definition. This approach demonstrates the importance that the notion of "magnitude ratio" plays in such a definition. However, in his text, Xavier does not intend to analyze the formal presentation (with the exception of his criticism of formalism) of the theory of real numbers, where Frege presents in detail his critique of previous theories, but rather he investigates the informal where the philosopher presents his own definition.

Finally, our edition ends with the article entitled Which is the concept of analyticity criticized by Quine in Two dogmas of empiricism?. Ozeias F. Rodrigues intends to investigate - as the title suggests - the notion of analyticity present in some key passages in the work Two dogmas of empiricism by the philosopher Quine. Such passages offer, in the words of Rodrigues himself, profitable ways to read philosophical texts, because through this notion we understand that many philosophical problems can be answered when one understands the meaning of certain terms or phrases of an author, their internal and external contexts (as possible interlocutors, etc.), and also the reading of the commentators.

Although we are on the verge of the year 2021 and we are still living both in an uncertain pandemic context and at a time when science - especially human sciences, as philosophy - faces the lack of support from our rulers and, mainly, negationism, we are happy to be able to conclude this new volume, because it demonstrates that such obstacles cannot silence the voice of critical thinking, reflection, analysis, in short, scientific thought. As most of the articles in this edition focus on the area of logic, we chose a work entitled Victory boogie-woogie by the Dutch painter Piet Mondrian for the cover. We hope the reading of such texts will be useful.

Inquietude Editorial Team.

Brenner Brunetto Oliveira Silveira
Sabrina Paradizzo Senna